It is unlikely that Europe will be able to supply itself with EV batteries, storage systems and the like. A recent study by the Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI published in Nature Energy sees only a 50 percent chance of the EU achieving its goal of 90 percent self-sufficiency by 2030. However, the researchers led by author Steffen Link consider a 50 to 60 percent supply by then to be relatively certain.